Knowing that the U.S. West Coast was battered during the winter before last by a climatic pattern expected more often in the future, scientists have now pieced together a San Diego-to-Seattle assessment of the damage wrought by that winter's extreme waves and higher-than-usual water levels. Getting a better understanding of how the 2009–10 conditions tore away and reshaped shorelines will help coastal experts better predict future changes that may be in store for the Pacific coast, the researchers say.
"The stormy conditions of the 2009–10 El Niño winter eroded the beaches to often unprecedented levels at sites throughout California and vulnerable sites in the Pacific Northwest," said Patrick Barnard, a coastal geologist with the United States Geological Survey in Santa Cruz, Calif. In California, for example, winter wave energy was 20 percent above average for the years dating back to 1997, resulting in shoreline erosion that exceeded the average by 36 percent, he and his colleagues found.
Barnard's team published their results last Saturday, 9 July, in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.
Among the most severe erosion was at Ocean Beach in San Francisco where the winter shoreline retreated 56 meters (184 feet), 75 percent more than the typical winter. The erosion resulted in the collapse of one lane of a major roadway and led to a $5 million emergency remediation project. In the Pacific Northwest, the regional impacts were moderate, but the southerly shift in storm tracks, typical of El Niño winters, resulted in severe local wave impacts to the north-of-harbor mouths and tidal inlets. For example, north of the entrance to Willapa Bay along the Washington coast, 105 m (345 ft) of shoreline erosion during 2009–10 destroyed a road.
The beach erosion observed throughout the U.S. West Coast during the 2009–10 El Niño is linked to the El Niño Modoki ('pseudo' El Niño) phenomenon, where the warmer sea surface temperature is focused in the central equatorial Pacific (as opposed to the eastern Pacific during a classic El Niño). As a result of these conditions, the winter of 2009–10 was characterized by above average wave energy and ocean water levels along much of the West Coast, conditions not seen since the previous major El Niño (classic) in 1997–98, which contributed to the observed patterns of beach and inlet erosion.
As even warmer waters in the central Pacific are expected in the coming decades under many climate change scenarios, El Niño Modoki is projected to become a more dominant climate signal. When combined with still higher sea levels expected due to global warming, and potentially even stronger winter storms, these factors are likely to contribute to increased rates of beach and bluff erosion along much of the U.S. West Coast, producing regional, large-scale coastal changes.
The authors took advantage of up to 13 years of seasonal beach survey data along 238 kilometers (148 miles) of coastline and tracked shoreline changes through a range of wave conditions.
Winter storm erosion of coastal bluffs at Ocean Beach, San Francisco. Damaged roadway in photo is Great Highway (January 2010)
Credit: Patrick Barnard, USGS
Credit: Patrick Barnard, USGS
"The stormy conditions of the 2009–10 El Niño winter eroded the beaches to often unprecedented levels at sites throughout California and vulnerable sites in the Pacific Northwest," said Patrick Barnard, a coastal geologist with the United States Geological Survey in Santa Cruz, Calif. In California, for example, winter wave energy was 20 percent above average for the years dating back to 1997, resulting in shoreline erosion that exceeded the average by 36 percent, he and his colleagues found.
Barnard's team published their results last Saturday, 9 July, in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.
Among the most severe erosion was at Ocean Beach in San Francisco where the winter shoreline retreated 56 meters (184 feet), 75 percent more than the typical winter. The erosion resulted in the collapse of one lane of a major roadway and led to a $5 million emergency remediation project. In the Pacific Northwest, the regional impacts were moderate, but the southerly shift in storm tracks, typical of El Niño winters, resulted in severe local wave impacts to the north-of-harbor mouths and tidal inlets. For example, north of the entrance to Willapa Bay along the Washington coast, 105 m (345 ft) of shoreline erosion during 2009–10 destroyed a road.
The beach erosion observed throughout the U.S. West Coast during the 2009–10 El Niño is linked to the El Niño Modoki ('pseudo' El Niño) phenomenon, where the warmer sea surface temperature is focused in the central equatorial Pacific (as opposed to the eastern Pacific during a classic El Niño). As a result of these conditions, the winter of 2009–10 was characterized by above average wave energy and ocean water levels along much of the West Coast, conditions not seen since the previous major El Niño (classic) in 1997–98, which contributed to the observed patterns of beach and inlet erosion.
As even warmer waters in the central Pacific are expected in the coming decades under many climate change scenarios, El Niño Modoki is projected to become a more dominant climate signal. When combined with still higher sea levels expected due to global warming, and potentially even stronger winter storms, these factors are likely to contribute to increased rates of beach and bluff erosion along much of the U.S. West Coast, producing regional, large-scale coastal changes.
The authors took advantage of up to 13 years of seasonal beach survey data along 238 kilometers (148 miles) of coastline and tracked shoreline changes through a range of wave conditions.
Contacts and sources:
American Geophysical Union
Citation: “The impact of the 2009–10 El Niño Modoki on U.S. West Coast beaches”
Authors: Patrick L. Barnard, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California, USA;Jonathan AllanCoastal Field Office, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Newport, Oregon, USA;Jeff E. HansenPacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California, USA; and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA.George M. KaminskyCoastal Monitoring and Analysis Program, Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington, USA;Peter RuggieroDepartment of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;André DoriaScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Citation: “The impact of the 2009–10 El Niño Modoki on U.S. West Coast beaches”
Authors: Patrick L. Barnard, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California, USA;Jonathan AllanCoastal Field Office, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Newport, Oregon, USA;Jeff E. HansenPacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California, USA; and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA.George M. KaminskyCoastal Monitoring and Analysis Program, Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington, USA;Peter RuggieroDepartment of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;André DoriaScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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