Kangaroos form an important niche in the tree of life, but until now their DNA had never been sequenced. In an article newly published in BioMed Central’s open access journal Genome Biology, an international consortium of researchers present the first kangaroo genome sequence – that of the tammar wallaby species – and find hidden in their data the gene that may well be responsible for the kangaroo’s characteristic hop.
The first kangaroo genome is a key milestone in the study of mammalian evolution. As the ancestors of kangaroos separated from other mammals at least 130 million years ago, it is hoped that the DNA sequence is in some senses a living fossil of the early mammalian species from which humans evolved. To understand this evolutionary journey better, the genome sequence is complemented by the “transcriptome” sequence, which represents a catalogue of how strongly each gene is turned “on” or “off” at different stages of the tammar life cycle and in different parts of the body. Study of the transcriptome will allow many more interesting questions to be asked about how kangaroo genes compare to their counterparts in humans.
The Genome Biology article is accompanied by a series of articles in the journals BMC Genomics, EvoDevo, BMC Immunology, BMC Molecular Biology, BMC Genetics, BMC Developmental Biology and BMC Evolutionary Biology, which collectively examine some of the most appealing biological stories arising from the genome sequence.
The tammar wallaby is only the third marsupial, and only the second Australian marsupial (after the Tasmanian devil), to have its genome sequenced. As the kangaroo is an icon of Australia, whose image appears on its coat of arms, currency and national airline symbol, the publication of its genome sequence in Genome Biology stands as a landmark day in Australian science.
Accompanying the publication of the tammar wallaby genome sequence in Genome Biology, BioMed Central also has a pouchful of companion articles in a cross-journal article series.
The focus of several of these studies is on the insights that the genome sequence offers into marsupial immune systems. Emily Wong and colleagues present adatabase of immune genes identified from several marsupial and monotreme species. This gives researchers a new tool for exploring immune function in these groups and more broadly in understanding the evolution of the mammalian immune system. In another study, Wong et al. also compare the genes expressed in the twin thymus glands of wallabies to understand the immune function of each organ, finding that both are functionally equivalent.
A third study, by Hannah Siddle and colleagues looks in detail at the immune genes of the wallaby major histocompatability complex (MHC). They find that there have been extensive changes in the organization of these genes since the split of the Australasian and American marsupials, with the wallaby Class I MHC genes having been scattered across a number of genomic locations and the Class II split into two separate clusters.
In a publication in EvoDevo Marilyn Renfree and colleagues demonstrate that thewallaby placenta secretes hormones structurally and functionally similar to the pituitary hormones prolactin, luteinizing hormone and growth hormone. This suggests that these pituitary hormones may be an ancestral feature of the reproduction of all mammals.
Hop over to the series homepage to read more, and the rest of the articles.
The Tammar Wallaby embryo and fetus at day 18 (a,b), 23(c) and 25(d) of gestation. The joey is born on day 26. Taken from Renfree et al. EvoDevo
Credit: BioMed Central Ltd
Tammar wallaby
Credit: BioMed Central
“The tammar wallaby sequencing project has provided us with many possibilities for understanding how marsupials are so different to us,” says Prof Marilyn Renfree of The University of Melbourne. Renfree was one of the lead researchers on the project, which was conducted by an international consortium of scientists from Australia, USA, Japan, England and Germany.
Tammar wallabies have many intriguing biological characteristics. For example, the 12 month gestation includes an 11 month period of suspended animation in the womb. At birth, the young weigh only half a gram, and spend 9 months in the mother’s pouch, where the newborn babies reside for protection. Researchers hope that the genome sequence will offer clues as to how tammar wallaby genes regulate these fascinating features of kangaroo life.
In addition to zeroing in on the “hop” genes, other exciting discoveries from the genome include the 1,500 smell detector genes responsible for the tammar wallaby’s excellent sense of smell, and genes that make antibiotics in the mother’s milk in order to protect kangaroo newborns from E. coli and other harmful bacteria. As Prof Renfree explains, lessons to be learned from the tammar wallaby genome “may well be helpful in producing future treatments for human disease.”
“The tammar wallaby sequencing project has provided us with many possibilities for understanding how marsupials are so different to us,” says Prof Marilyn Renfree of The University of Melbourne. Renfree was one of the lead researchers on the project, which was conducted by an international consortium of scientists from Australia, USA, Japan, England and Germany.
Tammar wallabies have many intriguing biological characteristics. For example, the 12 month gestation includes an 11 month period of suspended animation in the womb. At birth, the young weigh only half a gram, and spend 9 months in the mother’s pouch, where the newborn babies reside for protection. Researchers hope that the genome sequence will offer clues as to how tammar wallaby genes regulate these fascinating features of kangaroo life.
In addition to zeroing in on the “hop” genes, other exciting discoveries from the genome include the 1,500 smell detector genes responsible for the tammar wallaby’s excellent sense of smell, and genes that make antibiotics in the mother’s milk in order to protect kangaroo newborns from E. coli and other harmful bacteria. As Prof Renfree explains, lessons to be learned from the tammar wallaby genome “may well be helpful in producing future treatments for human disease.”
Tammar wallaby
Credit: BioMed Central
The first kangaroo genome is a key milestone in the study of mammalian evolution. As the ancestors of kangaroos separated from other mammals at least 130 million years ago, it is hoped that the DNA sequence is in some senses a living fossil of the early mammalian species from which humans evolved. To understand this evolutionary journey better, the genome sequence is complemented by the “transcriptome” sequence, which represents a catalogue of how strongly each gene is turned “on” or “off” at different stages of the tammar life cycle and in different parts of the body. Study of the transcriptome will allow many more interesting questions to be asked about how kangaroo genes compare to their counterparts in humans.
The Genome Biology article is accompanied by a series of articles in the journals BMC Genomics, EvoDevo, BMC Immunology, BMC Molecular Biology, BMC Genetics, BMC Developmental Biology and BMC Evolutionary Biology, which collectively examine some of the most appealing biological stories arising from the genome sequence.
The tammar wallaby is only the third marsupial, and only the second Australian marsupial (after the Tasmanian devil), to have its genome sequenced. As the kangaroo is an icon of Australia, whose image appears on its coat of arms, currency and national airline symbol, the publication of its genome sequence in Genome Biology stands as a landmark day in Australian science.
Accompanying the publication of the tammar wallaby genome sequence in Genome Biology, BioMed Central also has a pouchful of companion articles in a cross-journal article series.
The focus of several of these studies is on the insights that the genome sequence offers into marsupial immune systems. Emily Wong and colleagues present adatabase of immune genes identified from several marsupial and monotreme species. This gives researchers a new tool for exploring immune function in these groups and more broadly in understanding the evolution of the mammalian immune system. In another study, Wong et al. also compare the genes expressed in the twin thymus glands of wallabies to understand the immune function of each organ, finding that both are functionally equivalent.
A third study, by Hannah Siddle and colleagues looks in detail at the immune genes of the wallaby major histocompatability complex (MHC). They find that there have been extensive changes in the organization of these genes since the split of the Australasian and American marsupials, with the wallaby Class I MHC genes having been scattered across a number of genomic locations and the Class II split into two separate clusters.
In a publication in EvoDevo Marilyn Renfree and colleagues demonstrate that thewallaby placenta secretes hormones structurally and functionally similar to the pituitary hormones prolactin, luteinizing hormone and growth hormone. This suggests that these pituitary hormones may be an ancestral feature of the reproduction of all mammals.
Hop over to the series homepage to read more, and the rest of the articles.
The Tammar Wallaby embryo and fetus at day 18 (a,b), 23(c) and 25(d) of gestation. The joey is born on day 26. Taken from Renfree et al. EvoDevo
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BioMed Central Ltd
Citation: Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development
Marilyn B Renfree, Anthony T Papenfuss, Janine E Deakin, James Lindsay, Thomas Heider, Katherine Belov, Willem Rens, Paul D Waters, Elizabeth A Pharo, Geoff Shaw, Emily SW Wong, Christophe M Lefèvre, Kevin R Nicholas, Yoko Kuroki, Matthew J Wakefield, Kyall R Zenger, Chenwei Wang, Malcolm Ferguson-Smith, Frank W Nicholas, Danielle Hickford, Hongshi Yu, Kirsty R Short, Hannah V Siddle, Stephen R Frankenberg, Keng Yih Chew, Brandon R Menzies, Jessica M Stringer, Shunsuke Suzuki, Timothy A Hore, Margaret L Delbridge, Amir Mohammadi, Nanette Y Schneider, Yanqiu Hu, William O'Hara, Shafagh Al Nadaf, Chen Wu, Zhi-Ping Feng, Benjamin G Cocks, Jianghui Wang, Paul Flicek, Stephen MJ Searle, Susan Fairley, Kathryn Beal, Javier Herrero, Dawn M Carone, Yutaka Suzuki, Sumio Sagano, Atushi Toyoda, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Shinji Kondo, Yuichiro Nishida, Shoji Tatsumoto, Ion Mandiou, Arthur Hsu, Kaighin A McColl, Benjamin Landsell, George Weinstock, Elizabeth Kuczek, Annette McGrath, Peter Wilson, Artem Men, Mehlika Hazar-Rethinam, Allison Hall, John Davies, David Wood, Sarah Williams, Yogi Sundaravadanam, Donna M Muzny, Shalini N Jhangiani, Lora R Lewis, Margaret B Morgan, Geoffrey O Okwuonu, San Juana Ruiz, Jireh Santibanez, Lynne Nazareth, Andrew Cree, Gerald Fowler, Christie L Kovar, Huyen H Dinh, Vandita Joshi, Chyn Jing, Fremiet Lara, Rebecca Thornton, Lei Chen, Jixin Deng, Yue Liu, Joshua Y Shen, Xing-Zhi Song, Janette Edson, Carmen Troon, Daniel Thomas, Amber Stephens, Laneksha Yapa, Tanya Levchenko, Richard A Gibbs, Desmond W Cooper, Terence P Speed, Asao Fujiyama, Jennifer AM Graves, Rachel J O'Neill, Andrew J Pask, Susan M Forrest and Kim C Worley
Genome Biology (in press)
BioMed Central Ltd
Citation: Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development
Marilyn B Renfree, Anthony T Papenfuss, Janine E Deakin, James Lindsay, Thomas Heider, Katherine Belov, Willem Rens, Paul D Waters, Elizabeth A Pharo, Geoff Shaw, Emily SW Wong, Christophe M Lefèvre, Kevin R Nicholas, Yoko Kuroki, Matthew J Wakefield, Kyall R Zenger, Chenwei Wang, Malcolm Ferguson-Smith, Frank W Nicholas, Danielle Hickford, Hongshi Yu, Kirsty R Short, Hannah V Siddle, Stephen R Frankenberg, Keng Yih Chew, Brandon R Menzies, Jessica M Stringer, Shunsuke Suzuki, Timothy A Hore, Margaret L Delbridge, Amir Mohammadi, Nanette Y Schneider, Yanqiu Hu, William O'Hara, Shafagh Al Nadaf, Chen Wu, Zhi-Ping Feng, Benjamin G Cocks, Jianghui Wang, Paul Flicek, Stephen MJ Searle, Susan Fairley, Kathryn Beal, Javier Herrero, Dawn M Carone, Yutaka Suzuki, Sumio Sagano, Atushi Toyoda, Yoshiyuki Sakaki, Shinji Kondo, Yuichiro Nishida, Shoji Tatsumoto, Ion Mandiou, Arthur Hsu, Kaighin A McColl, Benjamin Landsell, George Weinstock, Elizabeth Kuczek, Annette McGrath, Peter Wilson, Artem Men, Mehlika Hazar-Rethinam, Allison Hall, John Davies, David Wood, Sarah Williams, Yogi Sundaravadanam, Donna M Muzny, Shalini N Jhangiani, Lora R Lewis, Margaret B Morgan, Geoffrey O Okwuonu, San Juana Ruiz, Jireh Santibanez, Lynne Nazareth, Andrew Cree, Gerald Fowler, Christie L Kovar, Huyen H Dinh, Vandita Joshi, Chyn Jing, Fremiet Lara, Rebecca Thornton, Lei Chen, Jixin Deng, Yue Liu, Joshua Y Shen, Xing-Zhi Song, Janette Edson, Carmen Troon, Daniel Thomas, Amber Stephens, Laneksha Yapa, Tanya Levchenko, Richard A Gibbs, Desmond W Cooper, Terence P Speed, Asao Fujiyama, Jennifer AM Graves, Rachel J O'Neill, Andrew J Pask, Susan M Forrest and Kim C Worley
Genome Biology (in press)
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